By Natascha Menezes Bergo – oceanographer, PhD student at The Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Brazil
Microbes are everywhere.
In the air, soils, rivers, seas, on trees and on you and me. You can’t see them
but they are there. Can you imagine how many are there at sea? What are they
doing? Or why are they there? Some scientists estimated about 100 millions of microbial
cells per milliliter of seawater. Do you remember when you were at the beach
and accidentally swallowed some seawater? Oops...
This picture is from an
epifluorescence microscope. All these big and tiny green dots represent tiny
life forms in water drop such as bacteria and viruses. Can you count them?
Yet scientists have many
questions about microbes in the ocean. Ecologically, microbes play a vital role
in marine food chains and global nutrient cycling. These diverse tiny life
forms help the health of the oceans. They are primary producers in the ocean’s
upper layers where sunlight penetrates around 200 m. These autotrophic microorganisms
use the sunlight to do photosynthesis. When gets dark, the microbes’ metabolism
changes becoming heterotrophic just like us. In the dark ocean, microbes can be
primary producers too.
So, how are they producing energy and food, if
isn’t light out there? These tiny microorganisms can convert some organic and
inorganic compounds into food and energy, chemosynthetic microorganisms. Microbes
living at deep-sea
habitats such as canyons, seamounts, ridges and rises with Fe-Mn crusts are mostly
chemosynthetic.
HyBIS dive at Rio
Grande Rise with fishes, black corals and an abundant world of tiny microbes
that we can’t see. However, this tiny life form is there.
Fe-Mn crusts deposits
in Rio Grande Rise can host highly diverse and rich microbial communities. The main
scientific question is if these microbes are just living there or whether they
are actually involved in the formation of the Fe-Mn crusts. Microbiologists
have some hypothesis how these tiny life forms act on the crusts formation, but
it is still unproven.
Fe-Mn crust with
a shiny biofilm collected during a HyBIS dive at Rio Grande Rise, a tiny
microbe’s world.
On board of the
RRS Discovery we collected Fe-Mn crusts, corals, calcarenites and crust biofilms
at Rio Grande Rise. These samples will be analyzed at the Microbial Ecology Laboratory
in the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo (Brazil). The
diversity of microbial habitats will help us to understand how the tiny lives
can influence the Fe-Mn crust formation and the deep-sea life.
Final note from Prof. Bramley
Murton, Chief Scientist.
Finally, we have a
cruise logo – made by Arthur Guth – this will be made into a cruise T-shirt
after we get back to Santos, tomorrow.
That is it from
Expedition DY094, RRS Discovery cruise to the lost land of the Rio Grande Rise.
We have found a lot, learnt a lot, made new friends and great plans for future
collaboration.
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